THE
METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
ISLAMIC
AND WESTERN VERSION
PAPERS
on
subjects of science and Religion
Lecturer :Prof.
Dr. Mulyadi Kartanegara
By : Via Elga Susilawati
11140331000008
AQIDA
AND ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
FACULTY
OF USHULUDDIN
STATE
ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SYARIF
HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
2016
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
The method of science is dotted-decline
of the question ‘how do I get scientific knowledge?’. Scientific means knowing
knowledge as it is. For example the small stars at the blue sky. Of course we
know that it is not small and when there is a star no matter the sky is not
blue. If a scientific talk, then that's not scientific, because our knowledge
of the star is not yet as it is still a sensory impression or alone. To attain
the knowledge of things as they are, then scientific methodology becomes
important. Because with this methodology, then we will be able to achieve the
objective knowledge. Therefore the scientists keep looking to gain knowledge.
Scientific methodology that will lead
us to a more true knowledge, and scientific. If we're talking the scientific
method in the field of science, it is there then they only restrict the
scientific method it on one method or also called observation experiments. In
Arabic it is called tajribi. This means that based on experience. Words related
to tajribi is mujarrab means tested. In the West, Because the science was
restricted in the areas of physical, so the scientific objects in the Western
world was that physical. Because they do not believe in the non physical.
Secular does not believe in view of look that can not be in the senses or
verification through observations of the senses. For modern science,
metaphysical things, it does not go into scientific fields. Even on the lately,
psychology is directed at the inhabitants. But according to modern science, if
the soul could not be observed, then it is not included. So according to them,
that the observed tentng soul is human attitude. Then came the two named
Psychology (behavior science).
Meanwhile, according to Mohammed Abed
al-Jabiri, the methods of science in Islam can be obtained by 3 ways: (1) the
method of Bayani, (2) methods of Burhani, (3) method of Irfani. This paper is
intended to describe the third method.
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
A. The Meaning and the Relationship of Science and Religion
Religion according to the great
dictionary of the language of Indonesia (KBBI), is a system that regulates the
grammar of faith and personality of God as well as the grammar rule that is
associated with the Association of man and his environment. Human habitation
where humans can find meaning and essence of life. While science is something
that can parse and explains the uniqueness of the universe include physics,
chemistry, geology, Botany, zoology, and others.
Though
between the two play an important role in human life, does not mean the
relationship runs harmoniously without any problems. Science and religion often
become heated debate among the scientists and theologian. Science claims that
religion can not touch the realm of science. Any religion says that science is
just a thought that there is no puasnya to examine what is in this world but
are already described in the Scriptures of their respective faiths. Eventually
these fundamentals of thought raises a ruckus between science and religion.
Both are said to be unable to unite.
Science
and religion in two conflicting extremes. That science and religion provide the
opposite statement so people have to choose one among the two. Each spool
adherents by taking positions that are bersebrangan. Science negated the
existence of religion, nor vice versa. Both are just recognizing the validity of
the existence of each.
Its
conflict of Galileo and the Catholic Church, for example, the center of the
universe in question occurred on the first and second dimension and actually
there is also a political element that is found there.
An
example of a case in relation to this conflict is a penalty given by the
Catholic Church against Galileo over aspects of his thinking about the theory
of Copernicus, i.e. the Earth and planets revolve in orbits around the Sun, but
the authority of the Church believes the Earth as the center of the universe.
Therefore so then Galileo was tried in 1633. An example of the tension at the
same time signify transmission point between science and religion means that at
the point of transmission that we can also talk about the possibility of
integrating the two.
While
on the other hand, the part of the scientists assume that the scientific method
is the only source of knowledge that can be trusted and understood. Adherents
of this doctrine tends to impose the authority of science into fields outside
of science. As for religion, for part of the circle of Western scientists are
considered subjective, closed and very difficult to change. Beliefs of religion
is also not acceptable because it is not public data can be tested by experiment
and criteria as well as science.
There
are some statements that assert that science contradicts religion and can't
possibly put together. However, Einstein in his book stating that he never
considered the relationship between science and religion as an antithesis.
Instead he looked at the science and religion are two things that are
complementary or interdependent of each other. A relationship as reflected in
metaforanya: "science without religion lame, religion without science is
blind".
Religion
is born as a guide and a guide to human life. Religion is born not with ratios,
research, and testing of sheer but born after the creation of the essence that
is beyond the reach of human reason and research on certain objects. Religion
becomes the end point of a long journey of man in search of life satisfaction
that cannot be obtained in philosophy and science.
Also
the science, he was born of admiration the failasuf seeking answer to the sense
of satisfaction penasarannya. Science equip it with things that are not only
set out the logic. Science has begun to explore the realm of more practical and
logical acquired in various ways which are quite systematic. Yet people still
can't calm and happy just by armed with science in her life.
B. The
Scientific Methodology
The
method of science is dotted-decline of the question how do I get scientific knowledge?.
In scientific knowledge or gain can be accountable kebenaranya there are
several methods or ways to obtain a knowledge of the original, the word derives
from the Arabic word scientific but usually scholars understand it in the sense
of "scientific" so that the word of scientific methods is understood
in the sense of "scientific methods" yet here there is a difference
of scientific methods with scientific method because in scientific usually only
limited empirical fields in islam, said islam is not just limited to physical
bidng but also but also in fields such as mathematics and non empirical
metaphysics and its object properties because it is essentially different from
that of empirical science demanded different methods.
According
To Prof. Dr. Mujamil Qomar, M.Ag. Epistemology in his book, Islamic education,
there are several terms for mentioning the word ' science ' al-' ilm, and
science. In Islamic contexts, looking at that science does not produce absolute
truth. The right to define the term knowledge is used the word al-' ilm for
possession of absolute truth and can be accounted for. Source: al-' ilm is
derived from revelation or the Qur'an, all of them valid. Then according to
Islamic sources from al-' ilm has a jayyid isnaad that more powerful than the
Western version of science because it rests directly to God Almighty.
Furthermore
Perter r. Senn posited, "method is a procedure or way of knowing things,
that have a systematic steps." While the methodology is a study in
learning rule-peaturan method. In a simple methodology is the science of the
study of the methods or procedures or ways of knowing things.
Thus,
it must be realized that the methodology is a very important issue in the
history of the growth of knowledge. History proves that all sciences grows
through the methodology of both the science of sociology, economics,
anthropology and so on. The methodology has a mission to solve the issues raised
on the basis of the new findings, to the accumulation of knowledge, both
regarding the "natural world" as well as "social world".
Methodology always find new findings to realize the dynamics of science. These
new findings reported and communicated so that open for known and tested by
anyone.
1. The
Tajribi Method
Tajribi experimental means used as
scientific method to examine the empirical fields so including didalamya
methods of observation. Observation is an activity that is done against a
process of intelligent beings or objects in order to feel and then grasp the
knowledge of a phenomenon based on knowledge and ideas that were already known
before, to get the information needed to continue a research. The science of
biology and astronomy have a basic history of observations by amateurs. In the
study, observation can be done with the test, questionnaire, recording images
and sound recordings.
In
fact this method already used in the early days of the Islamic scientific
resurrection i.e. ninth century ten. This method is very important given the
observation of objects through the senses is not always accurate because there
is a shortage of intrinsic tools against our senses then needed observations.
As an example of the shortcomings of human sensory tools: the eye can not see
the dierinya itself, the eye cannot see things far away terlal danhal that is
too close, the eye cannot see things that exist behind the curtain while the
intellect could, the eye can only see things that are born but resourceful bis see
rational entities in addition to the objects of the senses.
Given
the many shortcomings in our sensory tools, how can we gain the knowledge that
is required then an original method used to observe objects that ditelitinya
there are two methods contained in the Islamic tradition that is performed on a
physical object, i.e. the theoretical level where Islamic scientists examine
carefully and critically scientific papers from a particular physics missal
astronomy, medicine. The next practical level and where Muslim scholars do
various experiments to membuktikana or reject theory for example about the
vision that eventually they can infer even find new methods.
After
the muslim scientists get new methods and get the accurate and objective
against an object to get the subjective errors of an observer later muslim
scientists then continued and developed by scientists-the Western scientists to
a greater extent so sophisticated such as making more sophisticated
measurements such as distance i.e. the metre, kilometre dsn burdens such as
kilogram, pound, punch then munculah size units.
In
addition to creating the measuring instrument scientists also created tools to
make something small and not visible to the eye like a microscope, the method
tajribi should also follow the procedure for the taking of the verdict or
conclusion for pengamatnya it's good nature is nothing can or deductive
inference and retrieval of general principles to specific or deductive i.e.
Drawing conclusions from the particular objects.
2. The
Bayani Method
Etymologically, the term bayani
contains various meanings including: continuity (al-waslu), keterpilahan
(al-fashlu), clear and light (al-wudlhuh wa al-Dhuhr), and the
ability to make light and generic. As an episteme, clarity to manifest itself
last in al-bayan al- ‘ibarat “perspective” and "method" that largely
determine the pattern of thought not only within the scope of
"semi-democracy"-aesthetic, but also within the scope of
"logic-discursive". In other words, bayan became a terminology in
addition to include the meaning of everything that completes the action
understanding.
Bayani
is a typical Arab thinking method emphasizes the authority of the text (nash),
directly or indirectly, and the linguistic sense by dijustifikasi dug through
inference (istidlal). Directly means the knowledge test as mamahami so and
directly apply without thinking. Indirectly means understanding the text as raw
knowledge so need the interpretation and reasoning. However, this does not mean
the sense or meaning of the babas can determine the ratio and significance, but
should rely on the text. In bayani, the ratio diangggap is not able to provide
a knowledge except resting on the text. In a religious perspective, the goal is
the esoteric aspects of bayani viewfinder (Shari'ah).
Thus, the source of
knowledge is bayani text (nash). In Usul Fiqh is nash as a source of knowledge
bayani is the quran and Hadith. Therefore, the bayani epistemology take great
care and meticulous process of transmitting the text of the kegenerasi
generation. It's important to bayani, because the validity of the transmission
of the text to determine the true harm provisions of law were taken. If the
transmission of the text could mean that text is right justified and can be
used as the legal basis. Conversely, if the transmission is in doubt, the truth
of the text could not be used as legal basis.
3. The
Burhani or Logic Method
The object of knowledge in islam is not
only restricted to physical things but also the non physical. But we know that
our senses have shortcomings in knowing the non physical objects, then we need
to find out other tools. The tool in question is the aql in the tradition of
islam, since the intellect is able to know many things that cannot be done by
the senses, as for some examples of excess of sense: sense can see in that
sense can understand not just the objects that others but himself he could
mempersepsi himself as knowing and powerful he can see his knowledge with him.
Both
eyes couldn't see too far and too close while sense can see it because of the
far and near there is no problem on the sense in a moment of sense can figure
out that there is a high and at the sky in a moment of sense can come down and
down the Earth's core, while the eye can see there is something behind the
closed cadat or something but common sense can easily move into ' arsy located
behind hijb-ceiling , and while the intellect can only see sense then that is born
can feel whose groans as love, sorrow, inner problems, soul, and spirit.
Burhan
in language is a strong and clear argumentation. In terms of logic, al-burhan
is intellectual activities to prove the truth of a proposition through
deduction by way of connecting the proposition that one who has proven an
axiomatic basis. Thus, burhan is an intellectual activity to assign a
particular proposition.
To
get knowledge, epistemology burhani using rules of syllogism. Syllogism in
Arabic, translated by al-Jam'i al-qiyas refers to the meaning of ashal,
collect.
Reason burhani hold
on power of natural human form of senses and the authority of reason in gaining
knowledge. Thus Agus burhan, Najib said in the sense of having roles and
functions that are most important. Therefore using the premises consistent
logic, common sense trying to find knowledge of realities (al-waqi '), both the
reality of nature, social, religious or humanities.
4. The
Irfani Method
After using the tajribi method of the
senses and it turns out that we still need tools and other methods to the
perfection of the human sciences because regardless of how excess makes sense
there is still batasanya and many great things that cannot be solved with
common sense. In the scientific tradition of islam, in addition to the senses
and the intellect's knowledge there is still one more muslim scientists
recognized i.e. heart (qalb) or in philosophy is called intuition, difference
of knowledge obtained by reason and intuition as to know and experience because
it's always rational knowledge are indirect because for the Bundesliga knowing
things he needs intermediaries. Using this knowledge by way of purging liver
first this is what distinguishes the introduction of intuition with the
introduction of the senses, this intuitis knowledge then known with the usual
irfani method used by Sufis.
In addition to the logic of seeking
knowledge can also be used by using of hearts, which is so special so as will
constitute a separate kind of intuitive knowledge actually, i.e. it remains
contained in human rationality in general but dilawankan with the knowledge of
rationality to the extent it thus emphasizes systematic and methodical, the two
forces that sense according to basic biotiknya globally but not exclusive
allocated in two sides of the human brain is primarily a source in language
proficiency for understanding the feelings of others , for fantasy, for
feeling. While the right side is more into sumberbagi spatial activities, for
mathematical calculations, for the logic straight, for it is commonly called
the activities of rationality. However, the Division of tasks was not exclusive
because the other side participated actively.
That is, Irfani is a model methodology
is based on the approach and the direct experience of the spiritual reality of
the top religious. In contrast to the nonprofit eksoteris bayani target, target
shoot ' irfani is part esoteric (batin) text, therefore, ratio acts as a tool
to explain a variety of spiritual experience. In terminology, irfani is release
of knowledge gained through nature shines by the Lord to his servant (al-kasyf)
after the riyadlah.
Concrete examples of the approach ' is
a philosophical isyraqi irfani regarding knowledge of discursive (al-hikmah
al-batiniyyah) must be creatively combined harmoniously with intuitive
knowledge (al-hikmah al-zawqiyah). With the design knowledge gained into
knowledge that is enlightening, it will even reach the al-hikmah al-haqiqiyyah.
The inner experience of the Prophet. in receiving the revelation of the Qur'an
is a concrete example of knowledge irfani.
Irfan is knowledge gained by olah
spiritually where with purity of heart, hopefully God will bestow knowledge
directly to him. From there, then dikonsepsikan or come into mind before
expressed to others. Thus, in methodology, at least spiritually knowledge
gained through three phases namely preparation, receipt and disclosure, with
either oral or written.
The first phase,
preparation. In order to receive a wealth of knowledge, one usually must
complete a level-level of spiritual life.
1. Repentance
2. Wara
'
3. The
ascetic
4. Poor
5. Be
patient
6. the
Tawakkal
7. The
pleasure
Second, the stage of acceptance. If
you've reached a certain level in Sufism, someone will get plenty of direct
knowledge of God on iluminatif.
Third, disclosure. This is the last
stage of the process of the attainment of knowledge ' irfani, where mystical
experience interpreted and expressed to others through speech or writing.
Like the Sufis, these stages are the
maqamat, which will deliver them on ma'rifatullah in bathiniyah. It is not
wrong if al-Hallaj said ana al-khaq hulul, because he has knowledge of hulul,
kaysf that can only be felt by anyone who has ever felt. Reasonable minds can
never reach it.
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